E-ISSN 2584-0525 clioquest@gmail.com +91-7051843946 SJIF 5.762

Jul-Dec (2023) | Vol.1 No.2

Sexual Exploitation and Female Agency in Early Medieval Kashmir

Aadil Nazir Bhat ORCID

Research Scholar, Department of History, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, M.P.

This study attempts to examine the socio-political entrenchment of prostitution, concubinage, and polygamy in early medieval Kashmir, drawing on a range of historical sources including Rajatarangini, Kuttanimata Kavya, and Samayamatrika. These practices, often dismissed as peripheral or immoral, are here re-evaluated as central to the operation of political power, religious institutions, and economic transactions in ancient Kashmiri society. Through a historical-analytical approach, the research uncovers how women’s bodies were commodified within royal courts, temples, and public life—not merely as objects of desire, but as instruments of influence and negotiation. Figures like Queen Didda and Sughandha reveal the agency exercised by elite women, while the devadasi system and temple prostitution expose the intersection of religion and exploitation. Literary sources further illuminate the professionalization and hierarchical organization of courtesanship, challenging binary notions of victimhood and autonomy. The study argues that these sexual economies were deeply embedded within both secular and sacred institutions, necessitating a nuanced understanding of gender, power, and desire. Rather than relying on moralistic readings, the study calls for a structural analysis of sexuality in historical Kashmir that acknowledges both the agency of women and the constraints imposed by patriarchal and political frameworks.
1. Kalhana, Rajatarangini, Book VI, pp. 321–325.
2. Ibid., pp. 230–232.
3. Vitasta Annual Number, The Publication of Kashmir Sabha, vol. 32, 1998–1999, p. 93.
4. Kalhana, Rajatarangini, Book V, vv. 857–858.
5. Ibid., Book IV, v. 36.
6. Dutt, J. C. The Kings of Kashmera. New Delhi: Low Price Publications, 1990, p. 232.
7. Kumari, Ved, translator. Nilamata Purana. Vol. 1, Srinagar: Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages, 1973, p. 95.
8. Kalhana, Rajatarangini, Book IV, v. 36.
9. Samayamatrika, p. 101; see also Krishna Mohan, p. 236.
10. Kalavilasa, translated by A.N.D. Haksar, Penguin Books, Mumbai, 2011, p. 72.
11. Ibid., p. 71.
12. Krishna Mohan, p. 236.
13. Shastri, A. M., p. 30.
14. Ibid., p. 110.
15. Bhattacharji, S. "Prostitution in Ancient India." Women in Early Indian Societies, edited by Kumkum Roy, Manohar Publishers, New Delhi, 1999, pp. 210–211.
16. Krishna Mohan, p. 236.
17. Ray, S. C., p. 116.
18. Kalhana, Rajatarangini, Vol. I, BK IV, vv. 481, 661.
19. Nilamata Purana, Vol. I, p. 95.
20. Kalhana, Rajatarangini, Vol. I, BK IV, v. 36.
21. Ibid., BK IV, v. 296; see also S. C. Ray, p. 99.
22. Singh, Sodhi Luckvinder, p. 127.
23. Kalhana, Rajatarangini, Vol. II, BK VIII, v. 707; see also S. C. Ray, p. 99.
24. Alberuni, p. 157.
Keywords
Prostitution concubinage polygamy devadasi system Kashmir history gender agency temple dancers sexual politics.
Cite this Article
Bhat, A. N. (2023). Sexual Exploitation and Female Agency in Early Medieval Kashmir. Clioquest: Journal of Historical Research, 1(2), 19–24.
Bhat, A. N. "Sexual Exploitation and Female Agency in Early Medieval Kashmir." Clioquest: Journal of Historical Research, vol. 1, no. 2, 2023, pp. 19–24.
Bhat, A. N. "Sexual Exploitation and Female Agency in Early Medieval Kashmir." Clioquest: Journal of Historical Research 1, no. 2 (2023): 19–24.
Citation generated automatically. Please verify formatting before use.